A furnace is essentially a thermal enclosure and is employed to process raw materials at high
temperatures both in solid state and liquid state. Several industries like iron and steel making, non
ferrous metals production, glass making, manufacturing, ceramic processing, calcination in cement
production etc. employ furnace. The principle objectives are
a) To utilize heat efficiently so that losses are minimum, and
b) To handle the different phases (solid, liquid or gaseous) moving at different velocities for different
times and temperatures such that erosion and corrosion of the refractory are minimum.
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